The regeneration game

Heat exchangers are devices which transfer heat from one medium to another. As such, they are highly versatile and can be used for a range of heating and cooling operations. One of the options which may often be discussed at the design phase is the recovery of heat, also known as heat regeneration.

Heat exchangers which employ heat recovery or regeneration should not be confused with ‘regenerative heat exchangers.’ These are a specific type of heat exchanger in which the product and service fluids flow alternately through the heat exchanger, with the heat being stored in the structure of the exchanger. What we mean by heat regeneration at HRS is the recovery of as much surplus heat (or cooling capacity) as possible after the primary function of the heat exchanger has been performed. This can then be reused to either improve the efficiency of heat exchange process or used elsewhere.

While it is undeniable that adding heat regeneration to the design of a heat exchanger system will increase the initial purchase price, it will reduce energy costs over the lifetime of the equipment, as well as providing a number of other benefits depending on the purpose and design of the system in question.

Examples of heat recovery
A classic example of heat recovery can be seen in food pasteurisation. If we imagine a factory producing pasteurised cream; the cream needs to be heated to the necessary temperature to achieve pasteurisation, then rapidly cooled to maintain shelf life and quality.

This is achieved through the use of two heat exchangers. The first uses hot water to raise the temperature, while the second uses chilled water to cool the cream down again. In the second process, the temperature of the cooling water is increased significantly. There are three options for dealing with this heated water: discard or discharge it elsewhere; cool it again for re-use; or cool it again for re-use, but use some of the heat it contains towards the heat required for the pasteurisation phase. This third option utilises heat recovery or heat regeneration, reducing the amount of new energy required for the subsequent first heating phases.

A second example shows how heat left over from one process can be recaptured to be used elsewhere. Many anaerobic digestion (AD) plants use heat exchangers to pasteurise the digestate produced during the AD process, so that it can be sold as an agricultural fertiliser. The ‘surplus’ heat which is generated after the system has been running for two hours is used to preheat the digestate, reducing total heat load and improving overall plant efficiency by increasing the amount of generated energy which is available for export or other uses, as opposed to being required for pasteurisation.

However, the greatest benefits of heat recovery can be seen where multiple heat exchangers are combined – for example, in a multi-effect evaporation system such as the HRS DCS Digestate Concentration System. This uses heat exchangers and evaporation to reduce the volume and increase the concentration of sludges and digestate. The first evaporation stage heats liquid digestate and uses a cyclone separator; the steam produced from this first cycle (usually available at 70˚C) is then used as the heating media for the second effect, whereby the process is repeated. The subsequent steam (usually available at 60˚C) is then used as the heating media for the third cycle. The number of effects is determined by the level of dry solids required and the amount of surplus heat available, up to a maximum of four cycles. After the final stage the steam is condensed back to water and this heat is used to pre-heat the incoming product before the first stage of evaporation.

Heat recovery is not limited to systems dealing with liquids. HRS recently supplied a large G Series gas-to-gas heat exchanger to recapture 7heat from the high temperature exhaust gases leaving a large chemical reactor. This recovered heat is then used to help pre-heat the chemicals entering the reactor to around 500˚C. As well as helping to improve energy efficiency at the plant, the new unit has been designed to cope with challenging operating conditions in order to provide a suitable working life.

Benefits of heat recovery
Heat recovery improves the energy efficiency of heat exchange processes. This can manifest itself in different ways depending on the type of heat exchanger and the installation in question.

The most obvious benefit of improved efficiency is that less energy is required to achieve the necessary level of heating or cooling. In turn, this reduces running costs and also improves the environmental footprint, compared to other exchangers which do not include heat recovery.

The lower initial energy requirement can also make it possible to utilise heat sources or heating media which would otherwise not be feasible. For example, if warm water is available, adding heat recovery may allow it to be used as a heating medium elsewhere in the process.

Alternatively, the improvement in efficiency can be used to provide the same level of heat transfer but in a smaller package. When combined with technologies such as corrugated tubes, heat recovery can enable a heat exchanger to be installed in locations with restricted space or other limited factors.

Where energy input and space is not an issue, with all other factors being equal, the improved process efficiency provided by heat regeneration may allow faster processing or greater product treatment rates.

Whatever lies behind the decision, utilising heat recovery when specifying a heat exchanger installation is good for your process, good for your wallet and good for the environment.

Matt Hale
Matt Hale is International Sales and Marketing Director at HRS Heat Exchangers. Located in the UK, HRS Heat Exchangers is part of the HRS Group which operates at the forefront of thermal technology, offering innovative heat transfer solutions worldwide across a diverse range of industries. With almost 40 years’ experience in the food, waste, energy and pharmaceutical sectors, HRS specialises in the design and manufacture of an extensive range of turnkey systems and components, incorporating its corrugated tubular and scraped surface heat exchanger technology.
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